researchquestion怎么写( 四 ) _researchquestion

Research Methods（研究方法）
研究计划的方法，并陈述这些方法的可行性。包括你的研究假设，所采用的研究方法，研究方法可能有多种，不同选题，研究方法也不一样，常用的有访问和调查问卷。至少两种以上研究方法，定量研究和定性研究。
Reference（参考文献）
不多说。
4.Research Proposal怎么写？
写这个东西主要是为了让导师了解你，你可以觉得是你的个人简历/自我介绍，不是用来作为未来学术规划。
这给研究计划怎么写，应该要说清楚，你做过什么，有那些学术基础，你这些经历的价值所在，这些东西目前的进度进展如何，怎么去解决
要确定和解决三个问题（2W1H）:
1.打算做什么？
2.为什么这样做？
3.如何做？
比如：为什么这个问题重要？为什么他很难解决？为什么要解决他？
7.留学申请的Research Proposal怎么写申请出国留学用的Research Proposal（以下简称“RP”）跟正经的RP或者说开题报告还不一样，通常较短，多则2-5千字，少则区区几百字，属于螺丝壳里做道场。因此，正常的博士开题报告那种动辄上万字， reference几大篇的style ，完全不合适。
留学用RP的关键通常在于两点，一是选题，二是研究方法。选题就是确定你的research question ，或者要验证的hypothesis 。研究方法各校的定义和称谓比较混乱，以research methodology/method/design为主，具体情况则需具体分析——不过就UZE优择所见，基本上都是要求说明基本的研究策略，或者具体的技术实现途径，或者二者兼有。
此外literature review（文献综述）往往也不可或缺。因为是螺丝壳里做道场，字数有限，通常只能review几个最具代表性的文献，而且语言表述必须精炼——这是个技术活儿，没法儿速成，所以暂时略过。
如果是几百字版的申请用RP ，那差不多也就只能把选题和研究方法说清楚，然后根据学校的具体要求在introduction/background,brief literature review、rationale/significance、impact/value、expected outcome、timeline之类的中间选两三项（这个各校差别很大）敷衍下（也要认真），就齐活了。
但上千字的RP就不一样了。通常需要以introduction之类的开头，然后第二节通常是literature review（也可能是第三节），然后引出需要研究的question或者要验证的hypothesis（也可能是第二节），然后讲讲research design/methodology/method（这个还可能分成两节），再讲讲研究的价值或者可期待的产出（即value/significance/expected output之类），以及粗略的时间表和预算啥的。Zhuangbility的可能还得有ethnical concerns乃至abstract之类的。
对中国学生而言，还有一个技术性障碍，即referencing或者说citation格式。这虽然只是个技术问题，但却也是很多孩子乃至代写和捉刀手的死穴——因为他们不肯像优择UZE一样，花时间学习和克服这个技术问题。其实APA/MLA/Harvard/Chicago之类的格式网上都有大把的详尽指南，只需认真二字而已。
8.如何写作 Research ProposalHow to Write a Research Proposal Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one's research is only as a good as one's proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher. A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound. The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling. This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas. Title: It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, "An investigation of . . ." could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader's interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal. Abstract: It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used. Introduction: The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing. If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident. Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas. However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current "hot" area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify "key players" and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance. The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements: State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the。